Friction effects on connection systems in modern concrete segmental linings

Once grouted into place and compressed by ground and groundwater, modern segmental linings do not need additional connections except when the lining is required to withstand unusual conditions. Connection systems are provided for two reasons: to assist in the segment‐building process and/or to prevent undesirable actions. A particular focus is on creating and maintaining sufficient gasket compression to seal the lining in the short and long term. The evaluation and design of these connection systems usually involve a simple 1D calculation, ignoring the actual geometry and the presence of other segments and connectors. This study looks at an actual design situation highlighting the role of friction between adjacent segments and the utility of guide rods in the radial joints.